GLP-1: mechanism and evidence in metabolic research

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin secreted by intestinal L cells in response to food intake.

Synthetic analogs — Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, Retatrutide — have become central research subjects due to their affinity for GLP-1R and their extended half-life.

In vitro studies show dose-dependent activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway in pancreatic cell lines, with effects on insulin secretion and gastric emptying in animal models.